ELECTORAL CONTESTATIONS AND CREDIBILITY OF ELECTIONS IN UGANDA
ELECTORAL CONTESTATIONS AND CREDIBILITY OF ELECTIONS IN UGANDA
David Mwesigwa, PhD
Senior lecturer, Faculty of Management Sciences
Lira University
- O. Box 1035
Lira, Uganda
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article Type: Review Received: 01, Sep. 2019. Accepted: 15, Jan. 2020. Published: 18, Jan. 2020.
|
A B S T R A C T
This article examines the electoral process and elections in advancing the cause of free, fair and credible elections in the Uganda. Using secondary data, the focus is put on four selected contested issues: transparency of the electoral management bodies; inclusiveness; accountability and competitiveness. Two theoretical perspectives (Realism and Liberalism) are explored in order to probe the key contested issues related to the credibility of electoral processes and elections in Uganda. The irony is that, acceptable democracy cannot exist without a credible election. But while elections continue to be conducted in the entire Uganda, several issues subject to contestation remain pertinent to both direct political players and to indirect actors. After analyzing selected regimes in Uganda over the past two decades, regular elections can be seen to have fallen short of delivering a desirable democratic dispensation. The concern is whether regular elections in Uganda can be relied upon to deliver a credible democratic system. |
Keywords:
Transparency, credibility, inclusiveness; accountability, competitiveness |
REFERENCES
Abuya, E.D. (2010). Can African states conduct free and fair Presidential elections? North-western journal of international human rights, 8(2),122-164.
AFP. (2018). “Africa’s longest serving leaders”. The Daily Monitor, Tuesday October 2nd 2018. www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/africa’s-longest-serving-leaders/688334-4787852/index.html (Accessed 19/02/2019)
African Union. (2002). “Declaration on the principles governing democratic elections in Africa”. 38th Ordinary Session of the OAU, 8 July 2002. http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/documents/decisions/decisions.htm (accessed 5 March 2018).
Ahmed, N. (2011). Critical elections and democratic consolidation: the 2008 Parliamentary elections in Bangladesh. Contemporary South Asia, 19(2), 137-52.
Ampofo, L., Anstead, N. & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). Trust, confidence, and credibility: citizen responses on twitter to opinion polls during the 2010 UK general election. Information, communication and society, 14(6), 850-871.
Arnold, R. (2014). Testing constructivism: why not more “Cossacks” in Krasnodar Kray? Post-Soviet affairs, 30(6), 481–502.
AU see African Union.
Bakamanume, B. (1998). Political instability and health services in Uganda, 1972-1997. East African geographical review, 20(2), 58–71.
Bakamanume, B. (2012). An electoral geography of Uganda: from the gun to the ballot, a ‘politics of success’ or legitimization? East African Geographical Review, 19(1), 44–56.
Biagini, E.F. (2003). Neo-Roman liberalism: “Republican” values and British liberalism, ca. q860-1875. History of European ideas, 29(1), 55-72.
Bland, G., Green, A., & Moore, T. (2013). Measuring the quality of election administration. Democratization, 20(2), 358–377.
Bogaards, M. (2007). Elections, election outcomes, and democracy in southern Africa. Democratization, 14(1), 73–91.
Bruce, R. (2012). Libyan election breaks Arab spring pattern. The international spectacular, 47(3), 13–19.
Chaney, P. (2013). Electoral discourse analysis of civil conflict resolution: the case of Northern Ireland in UK state-wide elections 1970-2010. Irish political studies, 28(1), 1–19.
Cheeseman, N., Kanyinga, K., Lynch, G., Ruteere, M. & Willis, J. (2019). Kenya’s 2017 elections: winner-takes-all politics as usual? Eastern African studies, 13(2), 215-34.
Cohen, H.J. (2014). Africa’s illegitimate surrogate wars: disastrous and stealthy cross border acts of aggression that have never been acknowledged nor discussed. American foreign policy interests, 36(4), 240-248.
Cole, R.J.V. (2013). Power-sharing, post-electoral contestations and the dismemberment of the right to democracy in Africa. International journal of human rights, 17(2), 256–274.
De Torrenté, N. (2013). Understanding the 2011 Ugandan elections: the contribution of public opinion surveys. Eastern African studies, 7(3), 530-548.
Debrah, E. (2011). Measuring governance institutions’ success in Ghana: the case of the Electoral Commission, 1993-2008. African studies, 70(1), 25-45.
Doorenspleet, R. (2005). Electoral systems and good governance in divided countries. Ethnopolitics 4(4), 365–380.
Dorman, S.R. (2005). ‘Make sure they count nicely this time’: the politics of elections and election observing in Zimbabwe. Commonwealth and comparative politics, 43(2), 155–177.
Egner, B. & Stoiber, M. (2008). A transferable incumbency effect in local elections: why it is important for parties to hold the mayoralty. German politics, 17(2), 124-139.
Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. (2005). Judging election management quality by process. Representation, 41(3), 189–207.
Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. (2001). Analysing the impact of election administration on democratic politics. Representation, 38(1), 3–10.
Fisher, J. (2013). The limits – and limiters – of external influence: donors, the Ugandan electoral management body and the 2011 elections. Eastern African Studies, 7(3), 471–491.
Fortin-Rittberger, J. (2014). The role of infrastructural and coercive state capacity in explaining types of electoral fraud. Democratization, 21(1), 95–117.
Garrity, P. (2012). The role of government structure in deterrence. Comparative strategy, 31(3), 201–234.
Gherghina, S. (2011). Does government performance matter? Electoral support for incumbents in six post-communist countries. Contemporary politics, 17(3), 257–277.
Golooba-Mutebi, F. & Hickey, S. (2010). Governing chronic poverty under inclusive liberalism: the case of the northern Uganda social action fund. Development Studies, 46(7), 1216–1239.
Golosov, G.V. (2014). The last resort of political regionalism: electoral blocs in Russia’s regional legislative elections, 2003–2005. East European politics, 30(1), 71–85.
González-Sirois, G. & Bèlanger, E. (2018). Economic voting in provincial elections: revisiting electoral accountability in the Canadian provinces. Regional & federal studies. DOI:10.1080/13597566.2018.1493576.
Gouws, A. 2011. Democracy under scrutiny – elites, citizens, cultures. Politikon 38(3): 459–460.
Graber, D.A. 2006. Government by the people, for the people – twenty‐first century style. Critical Review 18(1-3):167–178.
Griffiths, S. 2011. Pluralism, neo-liberalism and the ‘all-knowing’ state. Political Ideologies 16(3): 295–311.
Grove, A. 2011. The international politics of survival: the case of Mugabe’s staying power. Politikon 38(2): 275–294.
Habibi, D.A. 2007. Human rights and politicized human rights: a Utilitarian critique. Human Rights 6(1): 3-35.
Hansen, B.B. and J. Bowers. 2009. Attributing effects to a cluster-randomized get-out-the-vote campaign. The American Statistical Association 104(487): 873–885.
Hewison, K. 2005. Neo-liberalism and domestic capital: the political outcomes of the economic crisis in Thailand. Development Studies 41(2): 310–330.
Hill, L. 2015. Does compulsory voting violate a right not to vote? Australian Journal of Political Science 50(1): 61–72.
Höglund, K. 2009. Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: concepts, causes, and consequences. Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3): 412-427.
Hong, S. 2017.what are the areas of competence for central and local governments? Accountability mechanisms in multi-level governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27(1):120-134.
Hyun-Chin, L., and Jin-Ho, J. 2006. Neo-liberalism in post-crisis South Korea: social conditions and outcomes. Contemporary Asia 36(4): 442–463.
Jarabinský, I. 2015. Appearances are deceptive: credibility of the Russian Election Commission. East European Politics 31(1): 88–103.
Joughin, J. and A.M. Kjær. 2010. The politics of agricultural policy reform: the case of Uganda. Forum for Development Studies 37(1): 61–78.
Kabwegyere, B.T. 2000. People’s choice, people’s power: the quest for democracy in Uganda. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Kanyinga, K and Odote, C. 2019. Judicialisation of politics and Kenya’s 2017 elections. Eastern African studies, 13(2):235-52.
Kendall-Taylor, A. 2012. Purchasing power: oil, elections and regime durability in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Europe-Asia studies, 64(4):737-60.
Kitamirike, E., Opiyo, N., Rwakakamba, M., Tumushabe, G and Mukhone, B. 2015. Electoral politics and electoral law reforms in Uganda. The situation room Uganda debate briefing papers, No 3 of 2015. GLISS, UYONET, NTV, Kampala.
Kleinig, J. 2014. Legitimate and illegitimate uses of Police Force. Criminal justice ethics, 33(2):83-103.
Koelble, T.A and Lipuma, E. 2008. Democratising democracy: a postcolonial critique of conventional approaches to the ‘measurement of democracy’. Democratisation, 15(1):1-28.
Linhart, E., M. Debus and T. Bräuninger. 2010. The 2009 elections in Schleswig-Holstein: polarised electoral campaign, exceptional election results, and an unspectacular process of government formation. German Politics 19(2): 237–253.
Lyons, T. 2004. Post-conflict elections and the process of demilitarizing politics: the role of electoral administration. Democratization 11(3): 36–62.
Makara, S. 2011. The management of the 2011 elections in Uganda. Analytical paper. Kampala: Makerere University. http://www.cmi.no/file/1376 (accessed 18 July 2015)
Makulilo, A.B. 2009. Independent electoral management body in Tanzania: a false debate? Representation 45(4): 435–453.
Maley, M. 2001. The Australian electoral commission: balancing independence and accountability. Representation 38(1): 25–-30.
Menocal, A.R., V. Fritz and L. Rakner. 2008. Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries. South African Journal of International Affairs 15(1): 29–40.
Minogue, K. 2013. Liberalism. Encyclopaedia Britannica http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liberal (accessed 2 March 2015)
Mogalakwe, M. 2015. An assessment of Botswana’s electoral management body to deliver fair elections. Contemporary African Studies 33(1): 105–120.
Muhoma, C. and J. Nyairo. 2011. Inscribing memory, healing a nation: post-election violence and the search for truth and justice in ‘Kenya Burning’. Eastern African Studies 5(3): 411–426.
Munene, M. and J. Otieno. 2007. Kenya: Raila tops table.Daily Nation, September 29. http://allafrica.com/stories/200709281185.hml (accessed 4 March 2015)
Murison, J. 2013. Judicial politics: election petitions and electoral fraud in Uganda. Eastern African Studies 7(3): 492–508.
Nielsen, K. 2003. Toward a liberal socialist cosmopolitan nationalism. International Journal of Philosophical Studies.11(4): 437-463.
Opitz, C., H. Fjelde and K. Höglund. 2013. Including peace: the influence of electoral management bodies on electoral violence. Eastern African Studies 7(4): 713–731.
Orji, N. 2013. Making democracy safe: policies tackling electoral violence in Africa. South African Journal of International affairs 20(3): 393–410.
Orr, G. 2006. Suppressing vote-buying: the ‘war’ on electoral bribery from 1868. Legal History 27(3): 289–314.
Oryem, A.O. 2010. Preparing for 2011: The view from inside. Ministerial paper presented at a workshop, Preventing a ‘Kenya’ from happening in Uganda: towards an early warning mechanism to prevent election violence in 2011. Kampala: Serena Hotel February 2010.
Oshodi, A. 2007. Return to civilian rule in Nigeria: problems of electoral culture and transparency over the past three Nigerian elections (1999-2007). The Round Table 96(392): 617–630.
Pillay, M.A. 2011. A case of electoral fraud: the 2011 Uganda elections. Consultancy Africa Intelligence (CAI). Africa.watch@consultancyafrica.com (accessed 21 August 2015)
Pottie, D. 2001. Electoral management and democratic governance in Southern Africa. Politikon 28(2): 133–155.
Pretorius, L. 2006. Government by or over the people? The African National Congress’s conception of democracy. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 12(6): 745–769.
Ross, A. 2015. Congo presidential election set for November 27, 2016. Reuters, February 12. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/12/us-congodemocratic-election (accessed 25 April 2015)
Shah, S. 2015. Free and fair? Citizens’ assessments of the 2013 general election in Kenya. Review of African Political Economy 42(143): 44-61.
Smith, S.R. 2008. Agency and surprise: learning at the limits of empathic‐imagination and liberal egalitarian political philosophy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 11(1): 25–40.
Sören, B. R. Beveridge and M. Naumann. 2015. Remunicipalization in German cities: contesting neo-liberalism and reimagining urban governance? Space and Polity 19(1): 76–90.
Southall, R. 2003a. Between competing paradigms: post-colonial legitimacy in Lesotho. Contemporary African Studies 21(2): 251–266.
Southall, R. 2003b. Democracy in Southern Africa: moving beyond a difficult legacy. Review of African Political Economy30(96): 255–272.
Spiro, C.E. 2000. Why elections matter. The Washington Quarterly 23(3): 27 – 40.
Steeves, J.S. 1999. The political evolution of Kenya: the 1997 elections and succession politics. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 37(1): 71–94.
Stockemer, D and Kchouk, B. 2017. Inclusive parliaments: a trigger for higher electoral integrity? The journal of legislative studies, 23(3):419-438.
Sweeney, W. 2015. Nigeria’s 2015 Elections: a critical vote for democracy in Africa. International Foundation for Electoral Systems, March 31. (http://www.ifes.org/news/nigerias-2015-elections-critical-vote-democracy-africa (accessed 5 June 2015)
Taddele, M.M. 2012. Rethinking and reforming the African union commission elections. African Security Review 21(4): 64–78.
Tangri, R. and A.M. Mwenda.2010. President Museveni and the politics of presidential tenure in Uganda. Contemporary African Studies 28(1): 31–49.
The Citizens’ coalition for electoral democracy in Uganda, n.d. Addendum to the electoral reform proposals presented to the committee on legal and parliamentary affairs. Kampala: Foundation for human rights initiative.
Uganda Legal Information Institute. 2011. Kasibante Moses v. Katongole Singh Marwaha & Anor (Kampala election petition No 23 of 2011) UGHC 153 (23 October 2011).
Van Ham, C and Lindberg, S. 2015. When guardians matter most: exploring the conditions under which electoral management body institutional design affects election integrity. Irish political studies, 30(4):454-81.
Van Ham, C. 2015. Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity. Democratization22(4): 714–737.
Virendrakumar, B., Jolley, E., Badu, E and Schmidt, E. 2018. Disability inclusive elections in Africa: a systematic review of published and unpublished literature. Disability & society, 33(4):509-38.
Wahman, M. 2014. Democratization and electoral turnovers in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. Democratization 21(2): 220–243.
Ward, S.J.A. 2007.Utility and impartiality: being impartial in a partial world. Mass Media Ethics. 22(2-3): 151–167.
Wedeman, B., R. Sayah and C.J. Carter 2013b. Coup topples Egypt’s Morsy: deposed president under ‘house arrest’. CNN, July 4. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egyptprotests (accessed 5 March 2015)
Wonka, A. 2007. Technocratic and independent? The appointment of European commissioners and its policy implications. European Public Policy 14(2): 169–189.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.